refers to a person or thing not close to the speaker
I want the book that is on the top shelf.
refers to something already mentioned or known
I don't like that she's always late.
refers to a type of person or thing
I prefer this over that.
used to introduce a clause about the person or thing mentioned
I heard that you won the lottery!
used to introduce a clause after verbs, adjectives, and nouns
I believe that she will win.
used to express a result
She was so tired that she fell asleep at her desk.
used to express a wish or hope
I wish that I could fly.
to such an extent
I am not that interested in the topic.
used to show the size, length, etc. of something
The room is that big.
not very, not as much as stated
I am not that hungry.
used for emphasis
I was that scared I couldn't move.