the method or way something is done
Turn on the light by flipping the switch.
스위치를 돌려서 불을 켜세요.
in close proximity to something
The chair is by the table.
의자가 테이블 옆에 있습니다.
the agent in a passive sentence
The package was sent by my friend.
소포는 내 친구가 보냈습니다.
before a certain time
I will be there by 5 o'clock.
나는 5시까지 거기에 있을 것입니다.
as a result of
She resigned by mistake.
그녀는 실수로 사임했습니다.
indicating the extent or degree of something
The room is different by a few inches.
방이 몇 인치 다릅니다.
during a certain period
We survived by candlelight during the power outage.
정전 동안 우리는 촛불로 생존했습니다.
according to
The law states this by its terms.
법은 이 조건으로 이를 명시하고 있습니다.
past a point
She walked by me in silence.
그녀는 조용히 내 옆을 지나갔습니다.
indicating the part of the body
He grabbed me by the arm.
그는 내 팔을 잡았다.
for the purpose of measuring
The fabric is sold by the yard.
천은 야드로 팔립니다.
at a certain rate
The cars passed by two at a time.
차가 한 번에 두 대씩 지나갔습니다.
indicating dimensions
The room is 10 feet by 20 feet.
방 크기는 10피트 x 20피트입니다.
in the operation of multiplication
Four by three equals twelve.
4 곱하기 3은 12입니다.
providing additional information
He is known by many names.
그는 많은 이름으로 알려져 있습니다.
in the name of
I swear by the sacred truth.
나는 성스러운 진실을 맹세합니다.
indicating past
He walked by while I was reading.
내가 읽고 있을 때 그는 지나갔다.
for future use
She has saved some money by for emergencies.
그녀는 비상시를 대비해 돈을 모았습니다.
to pay a short visit
I'll just drop by to say hello.
그냥 인사하러 들를게요.